The court hierarchy ensures that justice is achie Essay Example For Students

The court hierarchy ensures that justice is achie Essay ved at all levels andprovides for an efficient and effective means of administering our legalsystemThe quote is one hundred percent correct. The court hierarchy plays a veryimportant role in our society as it provides efficient and effectivejustice at all levels of state. Court hierarchy is defined as A gradedsystem of both state and federal courts that exist in Australia in whichthe courts are arranged in ascending order of authority. Courts having theleast authority are at the bottom of the hierarchy and courts withauthority to hear the most important cases at the top. The lower courtsare known as the Magistrates Court or Local Court, followed by theintermediate courts known as the County Court or District Court, with theSupreme Court at the top. The highest court to which any litigant mayappeal from either a state or federal court is the High Court of Australia. We will write a custom essay on The court hierarchy ensures that justice is achie specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Each court in the hierarchy has its own boundaries or limits on what sortof cases it can hear. This is called jurisdiction. The type of case ordispute that you are involved in will determine which court the case willbe heard in. All of the courts have original jurisdiction, that is, theability to hear a case for the first time. Some courts have appellatejurisdiction, which is the power to hear appeals from cases that were firstheld in lower courts. All of the courts have both civil and criminaljurisdiction so that they can hear disputes that involve the infringementof peoples rights and cases resulting from police prosecutions forbreaking the law. These jurisdictions provide a fine line, as to whatpowers each court has and where their powers stop, which allows for a moreorganized, efficient and effective legal system. Appeals are people before a court, who call on a higher court to review thedecision made in a lower court. These appeals must be granted by the highercourt or by the trial judge. There are many grounds on which a party maycontest a court decision, including appeals on questions of fact or pointsof law. This has to be granted by the higher court or by the trial judge. Appeals create fairness for both the victim and accused, where both havethe ability to call on the higher court to review the decision made, ifthey found it unjust in any way. This makes the court hierarchy achievejustice at all levels. Precedent is the reasoning underlying a courts decision. The applicationof a precedent may be either binding or persuasive in nature. From the timethe precedent is set, people involved in similar case expect that theircase will have the same outcome. This works well in court hierarchyproviding the mechanism for decisions made from the higher courts to bebinding on the courts lower down the ladder. Even though the court hierarchy system has been up for a long time and manypeople trust it and feel confident in its ability to find truth andjustice, there is still some uncertainty. Some examples of advantages ofthis system can include the correction of wrong verdicts, allows a case tobe heard by more than one judge and another jury, created the need forjudges to be accountable, creates a more flexible legal system, provideschoices for plaintiffs and defendants to either pursue or accept legaloutcomes and it creates more certainty that the final verdict is thecorrect one and provides a sense of certainty and equal fairness ofrepresentation. Some disadvantages include the cause of legal systems todrag for too long, provides incentives for solicitors/barristers to earnmore money, challenges the integrity of the jury verdict, benefits therich who can afford to keep cases going, punishes victims who most endurere-hearing evidence that may have caused distress and causes a lack ofconfid ence in the legal system. .uf9a259bc9f223491e8b77d423734e8fc , .uf9a259bc9f223491e8b77d423734e8fc .postImageUrl , .uf9a259bc9f223491e8b77d423734e8fc .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uf9a259bc9f223491e8b77d423734e8fc , .uf9a259bc9f223491e8b77d423734e8fc:hover , .uf9a259bc9f223491e8b77d423734e8fc:visited , .uf9a259bc9f223491e8b77d423734e8fc:active { border:0!important; } .uf9a259bc9f223491e8b77d423734e8fc .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uf9a259bc9f223491e8b77d423734e8fc { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uf9a259bc9f223491e8b77d423734e8fc:active , .uf9a259bc9f223491e8b77d423734e8fc:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uf9a259bc9f223491e8b77d423734e8fc .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uf9a259bc9f223491e8b77d423734e8fc .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uf9a259bc9f223491e8b77d423734e8fc .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uf9a259bc9f223491e8b77d423734e8fc .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf9a259bc9f223491e8b77d423734e8fc:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uf9a259bc9f223491e8b77d423734e8fc .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uf9a259bc9f223491e8b77d423734e8fc .uf9a259bc9f223491e8b77d423734e8fc-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uf9a259bc9f223491e8b77d423734e8fc:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Child development EssayThe court hierarchy is much required and can easily be seen to ensure thatjustice is achieved at all levels which provides for an efficient andeffective means of administering our legal system. With such a just andreasonable system having such a big role in our society, it boosts theconfidence of the citizens in the country.

The Evolution of DNA

The Evolution of DNA Free Online Research Papers Man has sought answers to the meaning of life trying to understand the fundamentals of our existence. Over the past couple of decades we have been able to uncover a substantial amount of knowledge pertaining to the instructions that allow life to continue. DNA or deoxyribonucleic acid has been identified in all forms of life. We have discovered that the human genome, are the codes for manufacturing proteins, which carry out the necessary tasks to ensure the stability of life. DNA is made up of 3 components; a phosphate group, nitrogenous base, and a five-carbon sugar. Together these components form nucleotides, which in turn are bound together forming segments called genes. A gene is a sequence of base pairs coding for a specific trait or characteristic. Essentially DNA is the blue print for life. Having identified these instructions, scientists are now intrigued by the possibilities of which this new area of research is generating. Applications of this knowledge range from the simplest forms of cloning, treating hereditary illness as well as biological warfare. The pursuit of this research has raised many questions regarding ethical issues that will play a key role in any further developments. Currently the Federal Bureau of Investigation is developing techniques designed to link criminals to crime scenes. In October of 2000 they unveiled The National DNA Index System, which catalogues every U.S residents DNA sequence. This will allow authorities across the country to match criminals to crime scenes using remarkably little evidence. Another booming area of this field involves genetic manipulation. Within the next 10 to 20 years scientists predict that through laboratory breakthroughs we will have sufficient knowledge to select desi red characteristics to be displayed in our offspring. The applications and issues previously mentioned as well other hot topics of discussion will be covered in greater detail throughout this report.   DNA fingerprinting was first developed as an identification technique in 1985. Originally used to detect the presence of genetic diseases, DNA fingerprinting soon came to be used in criminal investigations and forensic science. This method of identification compares fragments of the suspects DNA and any DNA found at a particular crime scene. This procedure has proved to be the most reliable means of identification because no two persons in the world, excluding identical twins, have a matching sequence. A DNA fingerprint is constructed by extracting a DNA sample from body tissue or fluid such as hair, blood, or saliva. A process called electrophoresis creates a detailed mold of the DNA sample. Electrophoresis is the phenomenon of the movement of electrically charged particles through a gas or liquid as a result of an electric field formed between electrodes immersed in the medium. In an emulsion of rubber latex in an aqueous medium, for example, the rubber droplets tend to acquire an electrical charge opposite to their own. If this electrode has a particular shape, the rubber particles deposited on it will coalesce to form an article of this shape. The DNA fragments have a slight negative charge, so they move towards the trays positive end. (As with magnets, opposite poles attract.) But the medium acts like a strainer: Smaller DNA fragments travel through easily and thus travel farther towards opposite electrode. Radioactively labeled probes (pieces of DNA) are applied to the system. The probes attach themselves to the DNA fragments. X-ray film is applied. The radiations from the probes, which are now present at only a few locations, expose corresponding areas on the X-ray film. Scientists in coordination with the National Institute of Justice are now developing credit card sized chips that will have the ability to analyze DNA right at the crime scene. Essentially the cops go to the crime scene pick up the evidence, drop it into a cartridge and stick it into their portable reader. This tool in a matter of minutes performs the whole process of electrophoresis mentioned previously. This process is so incredibly efficient that police will not have time for a coffee, before the DNA profile is completed. This device is still being developed and is expected to be completed and ready for used within the next five years. In most cases, courts have readily accepted the reliability of DNA testing as an accurate method for acquiring evidence. However DNA fingerprinting is controversial in a number of areas: the accuracy of the results, the costs of testing, and the possible misuse of the technique. The possibility of providing our children with genetic enhancements is becoming ever closer. Scientists have hypothesized many possibilities. They include ideas such as: appearance, slowing down aging, resistance to viruses and diseases as well as intelligence. For example, the risk of heart disease depends on the levels of HDL, the good cholesterol, being present in higher levels is better. In the human body, a gene called ap0-A1 makes a major piece of HDL. In mice, its possible to acquire basically any HDL level required by introducing more copies of this gene. Theoretically this could be applied to humans. Another example of how resistance of illness can be obtained is: Those who are born with two defective copies of a gene called CCR5 can escape HIV infection despite numerous encounters. The reason is that CCR5 makes a protein that the AIDS virus locks onto when it invades white blood cells. If the there is no CCR5 protein on protruding from the cells membrane then the virus cann ot infect. Essentially, scientists predict that these alterative enhancements will be available possibly within the next 10 to 20 years. After experimenting with rodent’s intelligence through genetic engineering, scientists claim that results from the genetic enhancement suggest that an increase of mental and cognitive attributes such as intelligence and memory in mammals is feasible. For example the hippocampus, found inside the brains of mice and humans, is crucial to learning. It is here where short-term memory is transformed into long-term memory. The gene NR2B helps build a protein called NMDA, which acts as a receptor for specific chemical signals. These chemical signals train brain cells to fire in repeating patterns. They are what we experience as memories. Again, through introducing the desired genes into a freshly fertilized egg, the genetic information will be made their own and passed on through future generations. The future of this field of research looks promising. In addition to the potential to cure disease and prolong life – the use in the criminal justice system will surely continue to produce results with pinpoint accuracy. Once the backlog associated with the lengthy amount of time in which it takes to process DNA evidence is addressed it will enable the courts to clear many outstanding criminal cases. Continued research will eventually assist courts in rendering verdicts that are without controversy. As with any other form of science it may never be perfected, but its use in criminal investigations and the improvements in quality of life will far exceed any current gene mapping theory currently available. References 1.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Haney, Daniel Q. Popular Science Online. Building a better baby. popsci.com/scitech/features/building_babies/ 2.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Lander, Dr. Eric S. Uses of DNA in identification. http://esg-www.mit.edu:8001/esgbio/rdna/landerfinger.html 3.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Lemonick, Michael D. Time Magazine: Canadian Edition. Smart Genes?. September 13, 1999. Page 40. 4.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2001. Electrophoresis. http://encarta.msn.com 5.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sinha, Gunjan. Popular Science Magazine. DNA Detectives. August 1999. Page 48. 6. Bennett, Wayne W. and Hess, Karen M., Criminal Investigation (8th Ed), 2007. Pages 133-138. Research Papers on The Evolution of DNAGenetic EngineeringRiordan Manufacturing Production PlanThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfStandardized TestingRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andOpen Architechture a white paperResearch Process Part OneCapital PunishmentMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever Product

Some Perennial Grammar Questions

Some Perennial Grammar Questions Some Perennial Grammar Questions Some Perennial Grammar Questions By Maeve Maddox The DWT team appreciate the great feedback to Daniels question What topics do you want to see covered in the blog? and are busily responding. Questions of grammar and usage are never out of date. Doubtless well be writing new posts on topics that have been dealt with in the past. Preposition usage, for example, could fill a book. Here are some of the recent suggestions, together with links to archived posts that may have already addressed them. Verbs used intransitively and transitively†¦ English grammar 101 introduction to the English verb †¦if you could address who/whom it would be great Beware of whom the difference between principle and principal Principle or principal the difference between assume and presume. Is there a difference between assume and presume? I’d like to know when (or if) it became acceptable to refer to an individual in the military as a troop, i.e. â€Å"Three troops were injured today.† Soldiers or Troops? Plural possessives? The possessive apostrophe When to form a plural with an apostrophe give a list of ALL the parts of speech†¦ English grammar 101 parts of speech use of the subjunctive subjunctive if I was The subjunctive mood I wish I were Do you have an archive so I could catch up on topics already covered? Archives Please do a blog on the difference between lie (recline) and lay and their conjugations. Lay/lie moribund but not dead yet Mixing up lay and lie the difference and usage of ‘passed’ and ‘past’ Passed vs past Confusing passed with past Taking another pass-at â€Å"passed† I recall an experience from my days of classroom teaching. Id just given a lesson on the use of the apostrophe to form the possessive. The students had been attentive and I was certain that my explanations and illustrations had been especially inspired. Still glowing as I passed a senior teacher, I shared my feeling that Id settled the apostrophe problem for that group of students once and for all. I can still see the kind, but pitying expression that flitted across her face. Common errors are common for a reason. At some level, the error makes sense to us. Once an error is habitual, effort and repetition are required to rid ourselves of the habit. And the first explanation is not necessarily the one that will prove effective in clarifying the matter. Keep those suggestions coming. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:70 Idioms with HeartComma Before ButHow often is "bimonthly"?

International Education Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

International Education - Research Proposal Example Countries which have the English speaking base, such as UK, USA and Australia are the most preferred destinations to get exposed to western education. When international students are accepted into the educational institution, the environment in the institution should be conducive to effective teaching learning process. There is a lot of impact on the domestic students and the learning environment caused by the international students and vice versa The policy makers, educational administrators, teachers, students and the community at large should know the impact of the international students in the learning environment. When international students are accepted in schools and universities the management of the institution should be prepared to provide the most congenial learning environment. The management should commit physical resources to provide the infrastructure which will benefit the learning process. But in many cases, the facilities and state of art infrastructure alone do not make help in facilitating the teaching learning process when international students become part of the classroom environment. The management should be flexible enough to adapt its policies to make both the international and domestic students work together. In this current research, an attempt is made to explore the impact of the international students on the learning environment and the study tries to highlight the role of leadership of the institution on the international students. ... SCOPE OF THE STUDY There are a number of studies which show the advantages of accepting international students. The main advantage is the opportunity to understand different cultures and different perspectives. For domestic students, the opportunity to share their educational experience with international students enriches their learning experience and broadens their outlook on life. Indeed, it has been found that domestic students recognize the personal and career benefits of having a network of colleagues from different countries (Pittaway, et al, 1998). Indeed, as Anyanwu (2004) succinctly opine, "The presence of international students on university campuses provides a unique social forum for enhancing all students' understanding and appreciation of the richness of other cultures". But on the other hand there are also some factors that have to be taken into account before international students are admitted into an educational institution. Paul Barron (2004), in his study it found that there was a feeling of unfairness amongst domestic students and that somehow, international students were perceived as more valuable. This unfair perception is perhaps the most potentially dangerous and universities need address this issue through effective communication with domestic students, a more clear admissions process and a more focused emphasis on the importance of domestic students to the institution. This researcher considers that a more effective and blatant drive to determine domestic students' thoughts and feelings on this issue might be an effective first step in eradicating this perception. The study mentioned here is only highlights only one of the many factors that determine the achievement of the learning objectives when

Determination of the Explosive HMX in Soil Coursework

Determination of the Explosive HMX in Soil - Coursework Example The method is commercially designed for RDX and HMX testing for concentrations between 1-20mg/kg in soil samples, Marshall & Oxley (2008). EPA method 8510’s procedure adheres to the following steps; Extract soil sample with acetone If inorganic nitrates and nitrites are present the soil extract is then pasted through an ion exchange resin for their removal The Nitramines and Nitrate esters are then acidified and mixed with zinc dust, passed through reactants of target analytes of zinc dust A color then is developed using NitriVer3 powder pillow, which ranges from pink to deep red depending on the concentration of RDX/HMX in the mixture. Using a spectrophotometer, absorbance is then measured of the treated extract at designated wavelengths and the concentration of RDX/HMX of the unknown sample estimated by comparison to a known standard. Interferences of the sample analysis can be caused by the presence of solvents, reagents, glassware and other processing hardwares present in the soil sample. Hence, the soil samples must be rendered free of these materials by using specific selection of reagents and solvent purification using distillation process in an all glass system following guidelines on cleaning of glassware(). Chemical related explosives such as nitroguanidine (NQ), nitroglycerine (NG), nitrocellulose (NC), tetryl and pentaeythritol tetra nitrate (PETN) can cause pink color to develop if found present in the soil sample. In the absence of RDX and HMX on the pink color does not develop in the presence of Trinitroluence, Dinitrobenzene, 2, 6-Dinitrotoluene, Trinitrobenzene and 2, 4-Dinitrotoluene. Human matter present in the soil will cause a yellow colored extract but this precipitates during acidification leaving the extract cloudy interfering with the accurate determination of absorbance, Taibah University (2012). Other than the common laboratory glassware such as beakers, test tubes etc., the equipment used in this procedure include: A commercia l testing product, EnSys RDX soil testing system that specify the apparatus and materials necessary for test completion Spectrophotometer capable of reading absorbance of 507-510 nm Top loading or mechanical balance for weighing samples to -/+ 0.1g Spectrophotometer cuvettes two or more of 25ml and 2.5cm path length Alternatively; Analytical balance Wide mouth bottles of 125ml Glass volumetric pipettes ranging from 0.5ml – 25.0ml Graduated cylinders 10ml and 100ml Glass volumetric flasks 100ml and 250ml Filter units 0.45 or 0.5Â µm Syringes Spatula Vacuum desiccator – For preparing calibration standards in a fixed laboratory and storage of zinc dust Ion exchange tubes Alumina-A, 3ml Automatic pipet -500Â µl equipped with tips Measuring spoon for zinc dust Wrist action shaker Vials -40ml amber glass equipped with solid caps Reagents and standards; Acetone, CH3COCH3 Distilled water Analytical standards(RDX and HMX analytical standards) Stock standard solution Working s tandard solution Calibration solution Q2. Draw a cause and effect (fishbone) diagram to indicate the contributions to the uncertainty in the result for RDX in soil. Taibah University (2012) Reagent Humic matter Linearity Temperature Calibration Temperature Standard Sampling Standard Volume Temperature Extraction procedure

Otto von Bismarck :: AP European History, The History of Europe

When Otto von Bismarck was recalled from Paris to become Minister-President of Prussia in 1862, German nationalism was already more than 40 years old. First apparent in the opposition to Napoleon ´s occupation of the German states, national feeling grew into a movement after 1815. This feeling was encouraged by a growth of interest in German literature and music and by increased economic cooperation between the north German states. By 1848 it was strong enough to make the creation of a united Germany one of the main demands of the revolutionaries. Otto von Bismarck was a Prussian patriot who inherited the traditions of love of king, army and country from his family. Bismarck believed that Germany should be united under Prussian leadership and that Austria should have nothing to do with Germany. Bismarck was chosen as chancellor by the Prussian king as he had a proven record as a monarchist and had little time for liberal and excessive parliamentary ideas. Bismarck helped his long term plan to unite Germany and to be the ruler by getting in a strong position with the king. The king owned Bismarck a 'favour ´ as Bismarck had solved the king ´s constitutional crisis. Bismarck played a crucial part in the unification of Germany as he helped to set up the Northern German Confederation after defeating Austria in the second of three wars. The first war was a bit 'weird ´ as Bismarck ´s goal was to get Austria out of Germany but it was the start of a long plan, he teamed up with Austria and together they quickly defeated the Danish. The duchies of Holstein were to be controlled by Austria and the duchies of Schleswig were to be controlled by Prussia. This was to be a major decision to let Austria control Holstein. Bismarck overcame the barrier that was the threat of Austria. Bismarck was very clever in the way that he provoked war with Austria he complained that Austria was not running Holstein properly. The German confederation backed Austria so Bismarck had what he wanted an excuse

Jekyll and Hyde

Jekyll and Hyde Essay In the novel Jekyll and Hyde, Stevenson the author, uses foreshadowing to hint at what’s to come later on in the book. Three examples that are in the book are how Jekyll and Hyde’s penmanship is very alike and that Hyde has a key to Jekyll’s lab and that all of Jekyll’s servants must follow Mr. Hyde’s exact orders, and also that Hyde is also Jekyll. All of these examples foreshadow what happens later on in the book. In the beginning of the book Jekyll tells Utterson to read his will because Jekyll was very ill and was going to die.Utterson read the will and asked Jekyll why he left all of his stuff to Hyde. Utterson didnt know Hyde but meets him later on in the book. Jekyll said that Hyde is his friend and he can trust him. Utterson agreed with it and said he was watching out for Jekyll. Utterson only cares because Jekyll if one Uttersons long time friends. This foreshadows if Jekyll loses his good side then his evil side will take over and cause trouble. In the book Utterson who is Jekyll’s friend who is also a lawyer finds a letter that is from Hyde.The letter was intended for Jekyll from Hyde stating Jekyll has many ways of escaping and that Jekyll shouldn’t be concerned about Hyde. Once Utterson finds the letter he brings the letter to handwriting professional and tells him that Hyde’s handwriting is very close to Jekyll’s handwriting. This foreshadows for when they find out that Hyde is the bad side of Jekyll. In chapter two Utterson runs into Poole who is one of Jekyll’s servants.Poole says to Utterson that Hyde has a key to Jekyll’s lab and that all of Jekyll’s servants including poole must do anything that Hyde tells them to do. This is foreshadowing because Hyde as we know is Jekyll, so when someone asks Jekyll where Hyde is he says he isn’t around because he cant be two people at the same time so he has no choice but to create a false story . Foreshadowing is a literary device that the most of today’s authors use in their books and essay’s. To counsel additional plot developments within the story.It is sometimes an occasion of death or a revelation of a character’s temperament or the rest very. Within the novel called Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and man. Hyde, foreshadowing was wont to its perfection. These 3 correct instances wherever Jekyll and Hyde’s handwriting is comparable. Hyde contains a key to Jekyll’s laboratory which all of Jekyll’s servant should adjust man. Hyde provides many examples of foreshadowing in Stevenson’s book called The Strange Case of Jekyll and Hyde.